In image template-based desktop automation, you provide the robot with screenshots of the parts of the interface that it needs to interact with, like a button or input field. The images are saved together with your automation code. The robot will compare the image to what is currently displayed on the screen and find its target.
Cross-platform desktop automation library
Robocorp provides cross-platform desktop automation support with the RPA.Desktop library. It works on Windows, Linux, and macOS.
Travel directions robot
This example robot demonstrates the use of image templates and keyboard shortcuts to find travel directions between two random locations on Earth.
Make sure the image is indeed created from a general retail Mac OS install CD. A retail international English Mac OS 9.0.4 install CD image can be downloaded from the Macintosh Garden site. On that site search for 'Mac OS 9.0.4' and on the Mac OS 9.0.4 page look for the file 'MacOS904CDIntl.ZIP'. Fortnite is a Free-to-Play Battle Royale game and so much more. Hang out peacefully with friends while watching a concert or movie. Build and create your own island, or fight to be the last person standing. Robot is a 3D action-puzzle-adventure-rpg. Inspired by classic filmation games such as Knight Lore and Alien8 and mixed with 'Ghost Hack' — an abstract RPG in which the player hacks into computer terminals and battles defensive computer programs. About SheepShaver, a PPC Mac emulator for Windows, MacOS X, and Linux that can run System 7.5.3 to MacOS 9.0.4. NOTE: Mac OS Sierra (10.12.x), High Sierra (10.13.x), Mojave (10.14.x), Catalina (10.15.x), and Big Sur (11.1) computers no longer need a CAC Enabler. Try to access the CAC enabled site you need to access now. Mac support provided by: Michael Danberry: If you have questions or suggestions for this site, contact Michael J.
The robot:
- Interacts with a web browser to select two random locations on Earth (from https://www.randomlists.com/random-location).
- Tries to find the directions using the Maps desktop app on macOS (Big Sur), using image templates and keyboard shortcuts.
- Falls back on the web version of Google Maps if Maps fails to find directions.
Note: This robot requires macOS Big Sur. The layout and the behavior of the Maps app vary between macOS releases. macOS will ask for permissions the first time you run the robot. Go to System Preferences ->Security & Privacy and check Robocorp Lab, Code, or Terminal (depending on where you run the robot from) in the Accessibility and Screen Recording sections.
Another important topic:
System settings can impact the recognition of the images: How the interface elements look on a screen depends on system settings like color schemes, transparency, and system fonts. Images taken on a system might end up looking different than the target system, and the robot might not recognize them, stopping the process.
In this case, macOS should use the 'Dark' appearance under System Preferences ->General. See our Desktop automation page for more information.
The settings
The robot uses three libraries to automate the task. Finally, it will close all the browsers it happened to open.
The task: Find travel directions between two random locations
Variables
Keyword: Get random locations
The robot uses a web browser to scrape and return two random locations from a suitable website.
Keyword: Open the Maps app
The robot opens the Maps app using the Run Process keyword from the Process library. It executes the open -a Maps command. You can run the same command in your terminal to see what happens!
The robot knows when the Maps app is open by waiting for the Maps.MapModeimage template to return a match.
Keyword: Maximize the window
The robot maximizes the Maps app window using a keyboard shortcut unless the app is already maximized. The Run Keyword If is used for conditional execution.
The robot knows the Maps app is maximized when the Desktop.WindowControls image template does not return a match (when the close/minimize/maximize icons are not anywhere on the screen). Iron man 3 the official game activate bonus code.
Keyword: Open and reset the directions view
The robot sets the directions view in the Maps app to a known starting state (empty from and to locations).
- Conditional execution is used to handle the possible states for the view (it might or might not be open already).
- Image templates are used to wait for specific app states so that the robot knows when something has been completed.
- Keyboard shortcuts are used to toggle the directions view.
Keyword: Accept Google consent
Keyword: View directions using Google Maps
The robot waits until Google Maps has loaded the directions and takes a full web page screenshot.
Keyword: Enter location
The robot needs to input the from and to locations. https://pokersmilehotelcityoklahomacasinoejysd.peatix.com. This keyword provides a generic way to target those elements on the UI.
Keyword: View directions
The robot tries to find the directions using the Maps app. If that fails, the robot gets the directions from Google Maps.
Summary
- Image template matching is a cross-platform way to find and target UI elements.
- Keyboard shortcuts are the preferred way to interact with desktop applications (the shortcuts are usually more stable and predictable than the UI).
- Conditional logic can be used to select different actions based on the state of the application.
Getting Started: Introduction | Concepts | Higher-Level Concepts | Client Libraries | Technical Overview
Contents
What is ROS?
ROS is an open-source, meta-operating system for your robot. It provides the services you would expect from an operating system, including hardware abstraction, low-level device control, implementation of commonly-used functionality, message-passing between processes, and package management. It also provides tools and libraries for obtaining, building, writing, and running code across multiple computers. ROS is similar in some respects to 'robot frameworks,' such as Player, YARP, Orocos, CARMEN, Orca, MOOS, and Microsoft Robotics Studio.
The ROS runtime 'graph' is a peer-to-peer network of processes (potentially distributed across machines) that are loosely coupled using the ROS communication infrastructure. ROS implements several different styles of communication, including synchronous RPC-style communication over services, asynchronous streaming of data over topics, and storage of data on a Parameter Server. These are explained in greater detail in our Conceptual Overview.
ROS is not a realtime framework, though it is possible to integrate ROS with realtime code. The Willow Garage PR2 robot uses a system called pr2_etherCAT, which transports ROS messages in and out of a realtime process. ROS also has seamless integration with the Orocos Real-time Toolkit.
Goals
Keyword: View directions using Google Maps
The robot waits until Google Maps has loaded the directions and takes a full web page screenshot.
Keyword: Enter location
The robot needs to input the from and to locations. https://pokersmilehotelcityoklahomacasinoejysd.peatix.com. This keyword provides a generic way to target those elements on the UI.
Keyword: View directions
The robot tries to find the directions using the Maps app. If that fails, the robot gets the directions from Google Maps.
Summary
- Image template matching is a cross-platform way to find and target UI elements.
- Keyboard shortcuts are the preferred way to interact with desktop applications (the shortcuts are usually more stable and predictable than the UI).
- Conditional logic can be used to select different actions based on the state of the application.
Getting Started: Introduction | Concepts | Higher-Level Concepts | Client Libraries | Technical Overview
Contents
What is ROS?
ROS is an open-source, meta-operating system for your robot. It provides the services you would expect from an operating system, including hardware abstraction, low-level device control, implementation of commonly-used functionality, message-passing between processes, and package management. It also provides tools and libraries for obtaining, building, writing, and running code across multiple computers. ROS is similar in some respects to 'robot frameworks,' such as Player, YARP, Orocos, CARMEN, Orca, MOOS, and Microsoft Robotics Studio.
The ROS runtime 'graph' is a peer-to-peer network of processes (potentially distributed across machines) that are loosely coupled using the ROS communication infrastructure. ROS implements several different styles of communication, including synchronous RPC-style communication over services, asynchronous streaming of data over topics, and storage of data on a Parameter Server. These are explained in greater detail in our Conceptual Overview.
ROS is not a realtime framework, though it is possible to integrate ROS with realtime code. The Willow Garage PR2 robot uses a system called pr2_etherCAT, which transports ROS messages in and out of a realtime process. ROS also has seamless integration with the Orocos Real-time Toolkit.
Goals
A lot of people ask, 'How is ROS different from X?' where X is another robotics software platform. It's a difficult question to answer as the goal of ROS is not to be a framework with the most features. Instead, the primary goal of ROS is to support code reuse in robotics research and development. ROS is a distributed framework of processes (aka Nodes) that enables executables to be individually designed and loosely coupled at runtime. These processes can be grouped into Packages and Stacks, which can be easily shared and distributed. Breakin (itch) mac os. ROS also supports a federated system of code Repositories that enable collaboration to be distributed as well. This design, from the filesystem level to the community level, enables independent decisions about development and implementation, but all can be brought together with ROS infrastructure tools.
In support of this primary goal of sharing and collaboration, there are several other goals of the ROS framework:
- Thin: ROS is designed to be as thin as possible -- we won't wrap your main() -- so that code written for ROS can be used with other robot software frameworks. A corollary to this is that ROS is easy to integrate with other robot software frameworks: ROS has already been integrated with OpenRAVE, Orocos, and Player.
- ROS-agnostic libraries: the preferred development model is to write ROS-agnostic libraries with clean functional interfaces.
Basketball: dream team mac os. Language independence: the ROS framework is easy to implement in any modern programming language. We have already implemented it in Python, C++, and Lisp, and we have experimental libraries in Java and Lua.
Easy testing: ROS has a builtin unit/integration test framework called rostest that makes it easy to bring up and tear down test fixtures.
- Scaling: ROS is appropriate for large runtime systems and for large development processes.
So, 'How is ROS different from X?' It's hard to answer for every X, but first, if you choose to use X, we hope that you can still use many of the libraries distributed with ROS. As for more specifics, this e-mail by Brian Gerkey (of both Player and ROS) to the ros-users mailing list regarding the differences between ROS and Player, including OpenCV integration, provides some comparisons:
Operating Systems
ROS currently only runs on Unix-based platforms. Software for ROS is primarily tested on Ubuntu and Mac OS X systems, though the ROS community has been contributing support for Fedora, Gentoo, Arch Linux and other Linux platforms.
While a port to Microsoft Windows for ROS is possible, it has not yet been fully explored.
Releases
The core ROS system, along with useful tools and libraries are regularly released as a ROS Distribution. This distribution is similar to a Linux distribution and provides a set of compatible software for others to use and build upon.
Contributing
As ROS is open source, we hope that you will consider contributing to ROS or libraries that are compatible with ROS. Please see our section on Contributing for more information on how you can participate in the ROS community.
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